Customs And Tradition

Home > Countries > South America > Argentina > Customs & Traditions Argentinians people are among the friendliest and kindest, and they often have a very high social sense, also they appreciate the values ​​of kindness and friendship. The customs and traditions of the Argentine people and their culture have a strong European influence.  Most Argentinians are primarily of European descent, which separate them from other Latin American countries where European and Indian cultures were more mixed. Culturally and emotionally, Argentinians often seem more European than Latin American. General traditions in Argentina General Etiquette The standard greeting in Argentina is to put one hand on the other person’s shoulder and kiss one of the cheeks with just one kiss. Handshake, with direct eye contact and a welcoming smile, is sufficient to welcome others. When talking to others, you should look directly into their eyes, as this indicates you are interested in talking. Greet the eldest or most important person first. You will be introduced to not only what you say, but the way you present yourself. Argentinians prefer face-to-face interviews rather than phone conversations. At the end of the interview, each person must be bid farewell separately. Argentinians are generally straightforward people, but they are able to maintain tact and diplomacy. You should wait for the host to introduce you to others in a small gathering. Family The family is the center of Argentine life with extended families still having prominence. The heads of powerful families command widespread respect, but with this comes a responsibility to care for others in terms of security, jobs, etc, and to maintain personal and family honor . Honour is in all respects the be-all and end-all and it routinely affects day-to-day life at home, in the community, and in business. Naming The name structure for many people is the first name followed by a middle name and a surname. For example, Maria Karina GONZALEZ. Most Argentines adopt their father’s surname. However, in some regions of Argentina where there is a strong Spanish influence, many will have two family names – the father’s surname followed by the mother’s surname (e.g. Maria GONZALEZ GARCIA). Married women can choose to adopt their husband’s surname or to continue using their maiden name. If she adopted her husband’s name she will add “de” (‘of’) (e.g. Maria GONZALEZ de LOPEZ). It is common for people to be given a nickname. Many nicknames in Argentina are words that describe physical characteristics. Previously, it was common for children to be named after their parents or after historical, political, or sporting figures. This is no longer the norm as many children are given names that are distinctive or that are personal preferences of the parents. Meeting & Greeting: Greetings vary depending on one’s gender and how well-acquainted people are with one another. When greeting for the first time or in a formal setting, Argentines generally shake hands and give a slight nod to show respect. The ‘ abrazo ’ is the most common greeting among friends and family. This consists of a handshake and a hug. The number of kisses when giving an abrazo varies from region to region. In most places, one kiss is the norm. If a pair of friends do not have a very close relationship, they will simply give a kiss on the right cheek. Direct eye contact is common when greeting people, particularly among men. When first introduced or in formal situations, Argentines customarily address people by title, followed by surname if known. If someone’s title is unknown, then simply use ‘ Señor ’ for men or ‘ Señora ’ for women. Typical phrases that accompany greetings include “ Buenos días ” (“Good morning”), “ Buenas tardes ” (Good afternoon”), and “ Buenas Noches” (“Good evening”). People often exchange these greetings when passing one another on the street in smaller towns or among neighbors. A person might wave and smile a t an acquaintance if they are too far away to give a verbal greeting. Visiting a home It is common for Argentines to visit friends and relatives without making prior arrangements. Argentines tend to enjoy hosting guests in the home. Typically, the host will offer their guests refreshments. Arriving on time is not the norm. If the gathering has roughly 20 guests or fewer, visitors are expected to greet everyone individually. Wait for the host or hostess to tell you where to sit. There may be a seating plan. When leaving, say goodbye to each person individually. To say goodbye, people use phrases such as ‘ chau ’ (‘bye’) or ‘ hasta luego ’ (‘until later ). In urban areas, it is common for the host to open the door for guests when they leave. Dress well. Men should wear a jacket and tie. Women should wear a dress or a skirt and blouse. Arrive 30 to 45 minutes later than invited for a dinner party. Telephone your hosts the following day to thank them. Giving gift If invited to dinner at an Argentine’s home bring a small gift for the hostess. Bring gifts like chocolate, flowers, candy, pastries, or wine to show your appreciation. Edible gifts are often shared with guests on the same day they are received. A bottle of imported spirits is always well received. Since taxes on imported spirits are extremely high. Avoid giving anything that is obviously expensive. This sort of gift might be interpreted as a bribe. Do not give knives or scissors as they indicate a desire to break the relationship. Gifts are opened immediately. Gifts are usually opened when received. Gifts are often nicely wrapped and presented. Dining & Food: Table manners are Continental Most Argentines eat with a knife in the right hand and a fork in the left hand. Do not begin eating until your hosts invite you to do so. Always keep your hands visible when eating, but do not rest your elbows on the table. Wait for a toast to be made before taking the first sip of your drink. During a toast, people typically raise their glasses, look at the person being toasted and then say “ Salud ” (“Cheers”). It is considered polite to leave a small amount of food on your plate when you have finished eating. When you have finished eating, place your knife and fork across your plate with the prongs facing down and the handles facing to the right. Pouring wine is beset with many rituals and cultural taboos. If at all possible, avoid pouring wine. Argentines typically eat three meals a day, with the main meal being lunch. Using a toothpick in public is considered bad manners. Blowing one’s nose or clearing one’s throat at the table is also considered poor manners. Eating on public transport is seen as poor etiquette. However, eating on public streets is considered acceptable by most people. Many Argentines enjoy afternoon tea ( merienda ), which usually includes ‘ mate ’ (a type of herbal tea made from yerba mate leaves) or coffee along with a pastry or slice of cake. It is also common in some regions of Argentina for friends and relatives to share a round of mates . Sharing tea is a sign of friendship and acceptance. If the meal is an ‘Asado’ (barbecue), a guest is typically expected to bring a plate of food to share with everyone. Compliments to the host about their home or the meal are appreciated. It is considered polite to leave a small amount of food on your plate when you have finished eating. Communication style: Above all Argentines like to do business with people they know and trust. They prefer face-to-face meetings rather than by telephone or in writing, which is seen as impersonal. Once a relationship has developed, their loyalty will be to you rather than to the company you represent. Looking good in the eyes of others is important to Argentines. Therefore, they will judge you not only on what you say but also on the way you present yourself. Avoid confrontation. Argentines do not like publicly admitting they are incorrect. It is imperative to show deference and respect to those in positions of authority. When dealing with people at the same level, communication can be more informal. Be alert for hidden meanings. It is a good idea to repeat details, as you understand them to confirm that you and your business colleagues are in agreement. Holidays and festivals Argentine traditions include the National Festival of Folk Art, Carnival, Anniversary of the First National Government, Flag Day, Friendship Day, Independence Day, Columbus Day, Snow Festival. Since they are a Catholic community, they celebrate Catholic Christian holidays such as Good Friday, Easter, and Christmas. On July 9th, Argentina celebrates Independence Day. The National Festival of Folk Art is held in Cordoba as a celebration of folk traditions. At this festival, people send cards and flowers. On friendship day, they call their friends. The Snow Festival is for a region in Argentina with a strong Swiss influence, celebrating their history with traditional Swiss cakes and wines. Popular rites A popular ritual in Argentina is the sharing of tea (yerba mate), a national drink. Yerba Mate is prepared by soaking the dried leaves of these herbs in hot water. Drinks are then drunk from a special hollow vessel (calabash) with a silver or metallic straw (Bombilla). The tea is passed on and delivered from person to person, thus becoming a pleasant social ritual. You may find friends around in parks. This drink is believed to have several health benefits such as relieving stress, reducing appetite, enhancing immunity, and obtaining many nutrients and antioxidants. Culture & Theater Arts and culture are immensely popular in Argentina, and receive support from both private and national institutions. Argentinians are well-educated people, and every year the country hosts an international book fair attended by more than a million people. Among the many world-famous writers is the Argentine Jorge Luis Borges, who was a poet and critic and one of the most prominent writers of the twentieth century. Argentinians are very fond of performing and performing arts. Dancing shows and concerts are held in parks, and sometimes in football fields. Film and music production is one of the thriving industries in Argentina, as you will find many types of music to suit all tastes, from folk to pop, jazz. Tango is one of the famous dances in Argentina. Readers Also Read: Q uick Brief About Argentina Facts About A rgentina Famous Food you should try in A rgentina Traditions, Customs and Etiquette in A rgentina عادات و ثقافة ا لأرجنتين نبذة عن الأرجنتين أشهر الأكلات في ا لأرجنتين معلومات شيقة عن ا لأرجنتين

Home > Countries > South America > Bolivia > Customs & Traditions Traditions and customs vary by region in Bolivia. Here is the basic Etiquette in Bolivia. General Etiquette Bolivians tend to stand close to one another while talking. One to two feet is normal. It can be considered rude to back away from someone while they are speaking. You have to maintain direct eye contact, otherwise, you will be viewed as untrustworthy. When speaking with family, it is common to share hugs, touch shoulders, and in general express affection through contact. Otherwise, it depends on if the other person is a friend, a boyfriend or girlfriend, an acquaintance, or someone you don’t know. It is best to always cover your mouth when you yawn. Avoid using a finger to point, it is best to use the whole hand or just nod your head in the direction you are referring to.
Family The family is the main core of social life and structure. Families are very close and in rural areas, many generations still often live together in one house. The extended family or “familia” serves as strong support and network system. Roles within the family are very traditional. The wife is generally responsible for domestic duties whereas the husband will be the breadwinner. Naming Unlike Europeans, Bolivians use both their maternal and paternal surnames. The father’s surname is listed first and is the one used in conversation. When a woman gets married she usually adds her husband’s first surname to her first surname with the connector “de”. If you know someone’s title always use it. The typical Spanish name has four parts: first given name, second given name, father’s surname, and mother’s surname. In Bolivia, many given names are usually derived from biblical names, such as José (Joseph, husband of Mary) or from the names of a saint, such as Bartolomé (Bartholomew). Some Spanish people used compound given names. When baptized, children were usually given one or more given names. One of these might be the name of Saint Day from the day of baptism. The first name, or baptismal name, may not have been used in the child’s life. In Bolivia, the child was usually called by the second or third name given at baptism; this is especially true if the first name was María or José. Meeting & Greeting: The handshake is the most common form of greeting, shake hands when meeting and departing. At a first meeting, a handshake will suffice and is sometimes combined with slight touches on the arms and/or elbows. Close male friends may hug each other, female friends hug each other and kiss on the cheeks. Maintain direct eye contact while greeting others. When meeting people will use the most appropriate greeting for the time of day – these are “Buenos Dias” (good morning), “Buenas tardes” (good day), or “Buenas Noches”(good evening). when women greet each other At a first meeting, a light handshake will suffice, sometimes usually accompanied by a slight nod and warm smile. Friends generally kiss each other once on the cheek. For men greeting women At a first meeting, a regular handshake will do. Friends, family, and long-time acquaintances will share a light kiss on the cheek which consists of touching cheeks and making a slight kissing noise. This is usually accompanied by a touch on the arm and shoulder and in some cases a light hug. Visiting a home & Giving gifts When invited to someone’s house take flowers, spirits, pastries, sweets/chocolates. Do not give yellow or purple flowers as they have negative connotations. Do not give scissors or knives as they indicate a desire to break off the relationship. Gifts are not opened when received. Dining & Food Punctuality is not necessary, you can arrive 20 to 30 minutes late. It is not good to discuss business at a social gathering. At a table, the guest is served first. The host generally says “Buen provecho” (“enjoy” or “have a good meal”) to invite guests to eat. Keep elbows off the table. It is considered polite to refuse food the first time it is offered and wait for the host to insist before accepting. Never touch food or eat anything with your fingers always use utensils even fruit is eaten with a knife and fork. It is polite to eat everything on your plate. Complementing the food will be viewed as a request for more food. Wait for a toast to be made before taking the first sip of your drink. The host makes the first toast. When you lift your glass, look at the person being toasted. Never leave straight after a meal you should stay for at least half an hour. Communication style Bolivians tend to favor direct eye contact over indirect. Maintaining eye contact creates an atmosphere of trust and respect. It is best to avoid confrontations and maintain calm at all times. Loud voices in public are inappropriate, with the exception of being in bars and discos. It is best for men and women to avoid overly direct eye contact during initial meetings as it may be misinterpreted. An adult might have less eye contact with a child if they are not too interested in what they are saying. The “so-so” gesture (rocking your palm-down open hand from side to side) means “no” in Bolivia. Readers Also Read:
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Famous Places to visit in Bolivia Customs, Traditions & Etiquette in Bolivia أشهر الأكلات في ب وليفيا معلومات شيقة عن بوليفيا نبذة عن ب وليفيا أشهر الأماكن السياحية في بوليفيا عادات و ثقافة بوليفيا

Cyprus is an island country located in the Mediterranean Sea. It has two sides, one side is controlled by the government and the other by Turkish Cypriots. Greek is spoken in the south and Turkish in the north. There is a buffer zone between the two sides where the United Nations keeps a peacekeeping force. General Etiquette In Cyprus, people keep less personal space when queuing. Refusing something offered to you can be explained as an insult. For example, a refusal of food means you do not trust the person’s cooking skills, So, it is best to accept everything offered. Respect elderly people is important in Cypriot culture. Remove your hat and do not place your hands on your hips when talking to the elderly. Do not walk around in public with bare feet. It is rude to yawn when talking with people of authority or family. It is rude to spit on the street. Smoking in public is normal and widely accepted. It is customary for men to open doors for women and help them with their coats. “On time” statement in both Greek and Turkish Cypriot culture can mean 20, 30, or even 45 minutes late. However, if you are late, give a heartfelt apology and a reasonable excuse. Elders are always treated respectfully.
Family The family is the core of the social life in Cyprus. The family includes the nuclear family and the extended family. The extended family is expected to help their families. Both maternal and paternal grandfathers have strong bonds with their grandchildren. Elders are respected and children expect to take care of their parents when they become old. Naming 1) Most Greek Cypriots follow traditional Greece naming practices. They generally use the first name, followed by a surname and family name. A person’s surname is their father’s personal name. Some may use the suffix ‘-ou’, meaning ‘of’. For example, ‘Christoforou’ means ‘son of Christophoros’. Some people may have a second personal name as well as a surname. Women typically take their husband’s family name at marriage. When women and female children take a male’s family name as their own, it may be changed into a feminine form, e.g. Mr. KYPRIANOS and Mrs. KYPRIANOU. Family names are often abbreviated. Many Greeks are named after their grandparents, who are usually named after an Orthodox Christian saint. It is common for the first-born son to be named after their grandfather. 2) Most Turkish Cypriots follow traditional Turkish naming practices. Turkish Cypriots generally use the personal name, followed by a surname.
Meeting & Greeting: The common greeting in Cyprus involves a handshake and a smile Close friends often greet each other with a hug and a kiss on the cheek. This is more common between a man and a woman, or two women. Men generally prefer to slap or hit one another’s arm or back a few times. Men are generally expected to extend their hands to women first. Muslim males do not shake hands with women. Wait to be invited before using someone’s first name. In a small social gathering, your hosts will introduce you to the other guests. Say goodbye to each person individually when leaving. Many Turkish Cypriots lower their eyes during the greeting as a sign of respect. Elders are always treated respectfully. Turkish Cypriots may kiss them on their right hand and then lift the hand towards their forehead. The verbal greeting among Greek Cypriots is “ Yiasoo ” (Hello), whilst the Turkish greeting is “ Merhaba ” or “ Salam ” (Hello). English greetings are also common throughout Cyprus. When addressing strangers, elders, or people in formal settings, it is polite to use their title and last name. The Greek titles for ‘Mr’ and ‘Mrs’ are ‘Kyrie’ and ‘Kyria’. For Turkish Cypriots, the formal address is to use their first name followed by “Bey” for men and “Hanim” for women. It is usually harder to end a conversation with a Cypriot than it is to start one. Farewells are typically continued as they have a tendency to restart conversation whilst saying goodbyes. Visiting a home Both Greek and Turkish Cypriots have a reputation for being very hospitable to guests. Greet and say goodbye to everyone present when arriving and leaving. Dress casually but well. Should bring a consumable gift such as pastries, Do not give white lilies as they are used at funerals. Offer to help the hostess with the preparation or clearing up after a meal is served. Complement the house. It is common for people to be offered an invitation to visit someone’s home quite early on in a friendship. Women often like to make unprepared visits to their neighbors’ homes. Remove your hat when entering someone’s home. Large groups tend to naturally divide by gender and age, with men sitting together, women talking together and children playing together. Try to accept anything offered by the host during your visit as a gesture of politeness . This could be an invitation for you to stay longer, eat, drink or even take something home with you when you leave. Tea or coffee is usually offered at every opportunity, as well as a small snack. Upon your exit, make a recognizable effort to show that you would have liked to stay longer. Giving gifts Gifts are not opened when received. Present any gift at the beginning of a visit. Offer and receive gifts with two hands. Flowers often make good gifts; however, be aware that white lilies are only given at funerals. It is a good idea to bring something edible when visiting someone’s home, such as wine, salad, or dessert. Money may be a permitted gift for larger occasions such as weddings and birthdays.
Dining & Food: Table manners are Continental. The fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right hand while eating. Do not rest your elbows on the table or put your hand under your chin as if you are bored. It is rude to lean back in your seat and put your hands behind your head unless in a very casual situation. Around family, it would imply disrespect. Remain standing until invited to sit down. The oldest person and guest of honor are generally served first. Do not begin eating until the hostess starts. Pass dishes with your right hand only. Expect to be offered second and even third helpings. It is polite to finish everything on your plate. If you have not finished eating, cross your knife and fork on your plate with the fork over the knife. Indicate you have finished eating by laying your knife and fork parallel across the right side of your plate. It is best to take a small initial serving so you can accept more later and show how much you enjoy the meal. Though the north is predominantly Muslim, it is still common to drink alcohol on special occasions. Drink any alcohol served slowly at the same pace as everyone at the table. It is frowned upon to get drunk at a meal. It is polite to offer to help the host or hostess in preparing and cleaning up after the meal. However, do not expect your gesture to be accepted unless you insist. Communication style: Cypriots generally have a direct communication style. People speak honestly, clearly, and explicitly to make their point. Criticism may be delivered illegally to remain polite and avoid offense, but a Cypriot’s intention and meaning are usually clear. Cypriots are known for being loud and fast speakers. You may have to politely ask them to lower the volume of their voice in certain situations. This request is unlikely to offend people It is very common for Cypriots to interrupt and talk over one another in social situations. Multiple people may speak at once to contest or add to what others are saying. often it simply shows a Cypriot’s interest in the conversation. Cypriots enjoy telling stories to make their company laugh. Cypriot communication is generally very informal. However, people may be slightly more reserved when first meeting someone. It is inappropriate to swear around family members, superiors, or people that have a professional relationship with you. Cypriots usually keep about an arm’s length distance between one another when talking. When sitting, people may be seated further apart. Direct eye contact is expected in conversation. It implies sincerity. Cypriots may use more gestures in conversation. People often move their hands and faces to emphasize their points. Tutting is an informal way of saying “no” in Turkey. This may occur in the Turkish Cypriot side of Cyprus. It is generally not considered rude or an expression of annoyance. Some people indicate no by tilting the head backward and tutting – “ ts-ts ”. People may raise their eyebrows at the same time. The hand gesture that signals ‘Okay’ (by putting one’s forefinger and thumb together to make a circle) is an obscenity. However, its Western meaning is more widely understood now. It is severely insulting to hold up your open palm, fingers spread, at someone’s face. This is called the ‘ moútza ’ in Greek or ‘ kariş vermek ’ in Turkish. To make this gesture with both hands at the same time is thought to double the amount of offense caused. People may imitate dusting their palms off to say “like that” or “that’s all”. Other considerations Try to show a deep interest in your Cypriot counterpart. You can expect them to ask you about your family relationships, profession, and even details of your income to get to know you. Try to be generous with your time and open to performing favors. Demonstrate that a Cypriot can trust and rely on you. If you let down a Cypriot, it may take a long time for them to regain trust in you. Admire the rich cultural history of Cyprus as well as the country’s achievements. Do not make a promise if you suspect that you cannot follow through with it or do not intend to. Similarly, do not directly criticize the Cypriot people or culture. Be aware that Cypriots can be quite sensitive to criticism and may take comments personally. Tipping Due to Cyprus being a tourist area, tipping is very common. However, it’s not mandatory, so there won’t be an issue if you choose not to tip due to bad service. You shouldn’t tip if your bill includes a service charge. For bills that don’t include service charges, 3-4 Euros should be a sufficient tip. The broader service industry does not expect a tip, but it’s always appreciated if you choose to leave one. Consider a couple of Euros for housekeepers or porters and either round your taxi bill up, or, do the same for your driver.

Home > Countries > Europe > Ukraine > Customs & Traditions Traditions and customs vary by region in Ukraine. Here is the basic Etiquette in Ukraine. General Etiquette Ukrainians are honest people and will express their emotions freely no matter if they are positive or negative. Ukrainians are curious people, so they may ask you personal questions like inquires about salaries, political and religious views, etc. It is a bad manner to sit on the floor, or the ground, or on the stairs. It is forbidden to walk and sit on the grass in many public places, especially where flowers grow. It is considered bad manners to talk loudly, to talk waving hands, etc. Ukrainians also have a strong emphasis on respecting the elders, so one is expected to give up seats to elderly people in public transportation. Ukrainians are proud of their country and heritage. While they may often talk negatively about a variety of things in Ukraine, we would advise foreigners not to do the same, keep discussions neutral, and let Ukrainians criticize their country.
Naming Ukrainian names are composed of the First names + Middle name+ Last name. The First name, which is the person’s given name, the Middle name, which is a patronymic, or the father’s first name formed by adding “-vich” or “-ovich” for a male and “-avna”, “-ovna”, or “ivna” for a female. Example The son of Alexi would have a patronymic of Alexivich while the daughter’s patronymic would be Alexivina. Last name, which is the family or surname. In formal situations, people use all three names. Friends and close colleagues may refer to each other by their first name and patronymic. Meeting & Greeting: The usual greeting is a warm, firm handshake, maintaining direct eye contact, and repeating your name. When female friends meet, they kiss on the cheek three times, starting with the left and then alternating, or one kiss on the cheek is common for women who know each other. While close male friends may pat each other on the back and hug, but a firm handshake with the right hand is most common. Men sometimes shake women’s hands (but in very official relations, business meetings for example). One kiss on the cheek is common for friends, or colleagues (mostly young people). A nod of acknowledgment is the most popular. Men are expected to be friendly towards women and should open doors, offer seats to those that are pregnant, with children, etc. They should also help them with putting their coat on or off, helping them carry heavy bags, pulling out their chairs at restaurants, lighting up their cigarettes, etc. If you invite a woman on a date – you are expected to pay the bill don’t let her pay the bill or split the bill together. Women in Ukraine consider it improper for men to shake their hands. When meeting a new female colleague, we recommend either kissing on the cheek or no physical contact at all. It is perfectly normal in Ukraine for men to strike up conversations with women on the streets or anywhere. Men can come up to girls sitting on the benches and simply start conversations and see where it leads. In many countries, men could be perceived as psychos doing this but not in Ukraine. Ukrainians prefer not to stand out. Parents typically teach their kids to be “like everyone else”, individualism, or strong opinions are not encouraged. This can be observed often with the clothing styles which for the most part are very similar in Ukraine, especially on men. Ukrainians are almost always able to spot foreigners just from their clothes, which often display individualism through colors or unique design, whereas Ukrainians prefer gray and dark clothing to fit in with everyone else. Visiting a home It is common for newly formed friends to invite each other to their house. Because middle-class Ukrainians can seldom afford nights out at restaurants, most celebrations take place at dining room tables in their apartments. It is normal for neighbors to come knocking on doors asking for small items such as milk, butter, or matches if they run out. Neighbor- to- neighbor relationship in Ukraine is something that may resemble family relationships in many other countries. If you are invited by a Ukrainian friend for a celebration at their home, be prepared to drink – even if it is just a symbolic amount. Not drinking at all at celebration events can sometimes be translated as disrespectful or may not be understood by the Ukrainians. If you are not a drinker, we recommend simply saying that you are allergic to alcohol. If you are a drinker, be prepared to drink a lot and make toasts. If you are invited over to a Ukrainian home, it is customary to bring a small gift. You can bring a bottle of wine or champagne. If you bring flowers, make sure it is an odd number. At meals, meat is typically a corner store of Ukrainian tables. Salo (the Ukrainian version of bacon) is one of the most beloved dishes in Ukraine. If you are vegetarian make sure to stress that you do not eat meat as often it can be interpreted as simply not liking meat versus not eating it at all. Giving gifts Ukrainians exchange gifts with family and close friends on birthdays and Christmas. Name days’ (birth date of the saint after whom a person was named) are also celebrated rather than birthdays by some. Gifts need not be expensive. It is the act of giving the gift that is important since it symbolizes friendship. If you are invited to a Ukrainian’s home for a meal it is polite to bring something; cake, flowers, or a bottle of imported liquor. Flowers should only be given in odd numbers and avoid yellow flowers. Gifts are generally not opened when received. Dining & Food Table manners are Continental, i.e. hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating. Do not begin eating until the host invites you to start. Always keep your hands visible when eating. Keep your wrists resting on the edge of the table. The oldest or most honored guest is served first. Try everything. Refusing a dish is considered very rude. You will often be urged to take second helpings. Toasting is part of the culture and generally occurs whenever three or more people share a meal. Ukrainians are suspicious of people who do not drink. Having said that, it is better to offer a medical condition as an excuse rather than starting to drink and failing to keep pace with your Ukrainian counterparts. The host gives the first toast, usually to the guest of honor, who may return the toast later in the meal. Most toasts are given with vodka. You need not finish the glass, but you must take a sip. Do not clink your glass with others during a toast if you are not drinking an alcoholic beverage. Glasses are filled no more than two-thirds full. Never refill your glass. Do not pour wine backhanded. An open bottle must be finished. Empty bottles are not left on the table. They are immediately removed. Communication style Ukrainians can be direct, but no rarely means no, and they will usually assume that your “no” doesn’t mean no as well. For example, if they say no when you offer them food, they expect to be offered it again and again, and vice versa. Many Ukrainians will avoid talking about specific topics, especially if it’s a difficult or uncomfortable topic. They may try not to tell you things if they’re afraid they will upset you – even things you think you should know. Ukrainians tend to stand pretty close to one another during conversations, a bit less than arm’s length is common. There is not that much touching during conversations, especially a first meeting. Friends and family tend to touch more. Direct eye contact is the norm and expected. However, it is considered rude to blatantly stare at someone, and noticeably avoiding direct eye contact may cause a kind of suspicion. Flicking your neck with your finger can mean you want a drink or someone is drunk. It’s best to point with your whole hand rather than a single finger. Putting your thumb in between your middle and index finger while making a fist is an obscene gesture. Other consideration Women are not supposed to invite men in their house, not even a friend, or to be at a bar or café (especially drinking) alone. Instead of drinking shots of vodka at a party, women often drink shots of (homemade) wine instead, but it’s not required. Men tend to ask women out and can be very forward. It’s unusual for men and women to be just friends, relations between the two can be quite formal. Modern Ukrainian women work as much as men and often try to manage all the housekeeping. The expected role of women in everyday life is cooking, arranging tables, cleaning after guests (for example, if there’s a home party or a picnic). And they gladly do it. But asking or forcing can be roughly rejected. If a woman is a guest she would offer her help to clean after a meal, but usually, this is politely refused. Readers Also Read:
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Famous Food you should try in Ukraine
Famous Places to visit in Ukraine Customs, Traditions & Etiquette in Ukraine أشهر الأكلات في أوكرانيا معلومات شيقة عن أوكرانيا نبذة عن أوكرانيا أشهر الأماكن السياحية في أوكرانيا عادات و ثقافة أوكرانيا

Home > Countries > Asia > Russia > Customs & Traditions General Etiquette Always show high respect for those who are older than you. It’s common to adopt a more formal attitude. Offer your seat to an elderly person, pregnant woman, or woman with a small child if they do not have one. If anyone elderly is present, direct your attention and respect towards them. Men are expected to open doors for women, pay for their food, help them carry items, etc. People do not always wait in line. For example, Russians may start entering a train or bus before those on board have had the time to exit. Commonly, one may be in line without actually standing there and will just inform the person in front of them they are behind them so that they can notify anyone else that arrives in the meantime. This ‘reserves’ their spot so they can do something else until it is their turn. Dress neatly and tidily. Footwear for sporting activities should not be worn to enter restaurants or bars. One may be refused entry if wearing these shoes. Talking to someone whilst keeping your hands in your pockets is rude. Do not spread your legs wide apart when sitting. It’s normal to be actively pushed when standing in crowds, lines, or public transport. It can be very rude to act too casual and informal towards a stranger. It’s not always appreciated to assume familiarity before you are close with them. Engagements and appointments usually run longer than expected, and deadlines are not always met. If a Russian asks you a favor try your best to do it. To request a favor from you indicates they feel you are trusted. When pointing out a mistake or critiquing something, do so privately and directly. The best approach would involve offering your assistance to help solve the problem as you point it out. Any criticism is also likely to be appreciated more when it is delivered as the problem is occurring, as opposed to later on when the person can no longer do anything about it. Avoid criticism about Russian, its politics, or the president. Do not make jokes about Russians being drunks or women being mail-ordered brides for foreign men.
Family The Russian family is dependent upon all its members. Most families live in small apartments, often with 2 or 3 generations sharing little space. Most families are small, often with only one child because most women must also work outside of the house in addition to bearing sole responsibility for the household. Naming Russian names are structured as first name, middle name, and surname. The first name, which is the person’s given name. The middle name is patronymic, created by using the child’s father’s name with the suffix “ vich ” or “ ovich ” for boys, and “ avna ” or “ ovna ” for girls. This means ‘son of’ and ‘daughter of’. Last name, which is the family or surname. An ‘ a ’ is added to the end of almost all female names. In formal situations, people use all three names. Friends and close friends may refer to each other by their first name and surname. Close friends and family members call each other by their first name only. Titles such as “Mr.”, “Mrs.” and “Ms.” are not used. Women customarily take their husband’s surname at marriage, although not always. People commonly use diminutives as nicknames to address one another. Ask a Russian’s permission before calling them by a nickname – especially those that shorten their original name. As Russians are more formal in the initial stages of meeting someone, moving on to this basis too soon can be seen as excessive familiarity or even patronizing. Close friends may jokingly refer to one another by using a shortened version of their patronymic name. For example, calling  Nikolai Ivanovich by ” Ivanych “. It is best not to address people in this way if you have a limited background in Russian as you may not be able to deliver the name in such a way that it is taken as a joke.
Meeting & Greeting: The common greeting among strangers usually involves a firmly held handshake with direct eye contact.  Take off your gloves to shake someone else’s hand. You should not greet across a threshold. This is seen as impolite, giving the impression that the person is not allowed to enter. Also, an old superstition advises that you should never greet someone by shaking hands or kissing them whilst on the threshold of the doorstep. This is thought to cause you to argue with them. Women generally kiss people three times on alternating cheeks starting on the left. Male friends may hug one another or give each other a pat on the back. People give the appropriate formal greeting depending on what time of day it is: “ Dobroe utro ” (Good morning), “ Dobriy den ” (Good afternoon), or “ Dobriy vecher ” (Good evening). A more casual greeting is “ Privet ” (Hi). Address a person using their first name and patronymic (middle) name if they are older or of higher status than yourself. Visiting a home When visiting a Russian home, bring flowers, wine, or sweets as a gift for the woman of the home, and hard liquor for the man. Remove your shoes before entering the house as you may be given slippers to wear. Expect to be offered tea or coffee along with some food. If you arrive at the house around the time of lunch or dinner, you may be invited to stay for the family meal. Try to exchange these same gestures if inviting Russians over to your own home. You should accept all food and drink offered to you if possible. Offer to help the hostess with the preparation or cleaning up after any meal or stay . Arrive on time or no more than 15 minutes later than invited. Dress formal as dressing well shows respect for your hosts. Expect to be treated with honor and respect. Giving gifts If invited to a Russian home for a meal, bring a small gift. Male guests are expected to bring flowers. Do not give yellow flowers as it implies disloyalty. Flowers are given regularly when visiting someone, going on a date, or even for a child’s first day of school. If giving flowers, an odd number should be given for an occasion (unless it’s a funeral). Do not give a baby gift until after the baby is born. It is bad luck to do so sooner. When offering a gift, expect a Russian to protest it initially. Insist a second time and it will generally be accepted. Blue is a good color for friends’ gifts. Avoid gifting carnations as they are associated with funerals and Soviet holidays.
Dining & Food: Any bottles of alcohol that have been opened are usually finished before the end of a meal. It is impolite to pour a bottle of wine backhanded. Men pour the drinks of women seated next to them. Leave a small portion of the meal on your plate when finished to indicate to the host you are full. Russians may make toasts during meals, Sometimes, the gesture can be long especially on big occasions. It is disrespectful to drink or eat while the toast is being said. You are expected to give your full attention and clink your glasses with everyone else’s at the conclusion of the speeches.  Refusing to drink at a toast is impolite and can lead people to think that you don’t like the person who spoke or agree with what they said. Table manners are Continental the fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating. The oldest or most honored guest is served first. Do not begin eating until the host invites you to start. Do not rest your elbows on the table, although your hands should be visible at all times. You will often be urged to take second helpings. It is polite to use bread to soak up gravy or sauce. Do not get up until you are invited to leave the table. At formal dinners, the guest of honor is the first to get up from the table. Communication style: Russians are generally comfortable with directness, they may not hesitate to correct people and can deliver criticism rather honestly. While they may soften their tone when talking about sensitive topics, they usually speak to the point and keep their words concise. This can give non-Russians the impression that they are being quite blunt when that is not intended. It is common for Russians to swear in casual situations. Russians tend to sit and stand quite close to one another. To reach out and touch another person during a conversation (e.g. an arm around the shoulder or a pat on the back) is a sign of confidence in the relationship. Strong physical affection is generally only seen between couples of opposite genders. Russians, particularly men, often have a serious front towards strangers that softens once they build familiarity with a person. While they are known to be very animated with friends, smiles are not often exchanged between strangers on the street. There is an old idea that people who smile for no reason must be fools. The symbol for ‘Okay’ (with the forefinger and the top of the thumb meet to form a circle, with the other fingers stretched out) has offensive meanings. Another bad sign is to make a fist with the thumb pointing between the middle finger and index finger. It is also a very rude gesture to place your wrist or arm on the inside of your opposite elbow and then bend the elbow with a hand closing in a fist. Traditionally, Orthodox Christians cross themselves by using their index and middle finger to touch their forehead, followed by their chest, right shoulder, and left shoulder. However, today, people generally perform the same gesture using three fingers (middle finger, index finger, and thumb) pinched together. This is a Russian Orthodox silent prayer to bless oneself throughout the day. Other considerations Being visibly drunk in public places is a legal offense in Russia. While Russia is famous for having a strong drinking culture, it’s not as honored in Russian society as many foreigners believe. The public is very aware of the negative effects of alcohol dependency Some may even see it as a sign of weak character. It is also illegal for certain worldly words to be spoken publicly or written in the media. Being very drunk is not regarded positively in Russia. The number 13 is considered unlucky in Russian culture. Celebrations may be organized so that they do not coincide with the number. Homosexuality is not widely accepted in Russia and people from the LGBTQI+ community may encounter negative attitudes. You may find that Russians were quite moderate and ‘politically correct to tell jokes that you believe to be inappropriate (i.e. sexist undertones or slurring racial/ethnic minorities). Consider that this kind of humor is quite common in Russia. The media tends to circulate insulting stereotypes of Siberian natives, Koreans, Asians, Ukrainians, people of the Caucasus, Jews, and those of other ethnic or cultural backgrounds. ‘New Russians’ is a term that has arisen since the 1990s to caricature those who got rich in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union. It implies that a person gained their wealth through possibly corrupt means. This reflects a cultural skepticism of the wealthy. Smoking cigarettes is a common habit and older Russians are likely to smoke in public places frequently.  Some elderly Russians may be suspicious of anything related to government and bureaucratic processes. Free speech is inhibited in Russia; the Putin government is known to harshly punish journalists, activists, and other forms of opposition that resist its authority.

Every country has its own culture which is different from one place to another, and from tribe to tribe in the same country, all these differences in other cultures we have to respect it even if it’s strange or not similar to the ones we are used, and also we have to be aware of it. Brazilian culture shares many similarities with other Latin countries. However, some Brazilian habits are very unusual for foreigners from North America, Asia, and Europe. The traditions of Portugal, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, the whole of Africa, and even of some Asian countries, such as China and Japan are all the little puzzles that make up the Brazilian nation today. But what differentiates Brazil from some other former colonies is that people have developed a distinctive ‘Brazilian style’, which even if mixed – cannot lose its remarkable nature. Here we have special unique cultural customs and traditions that Brazilians own to share them with you, which the world doesn’t know much about. Let’s check a few Brazilian habits foreigners may find to be weird: 1- Brushing Teeth at Work Brazilians are very concern when it comes to cleanliness. Brazilians bring toothbrushes and paste with them to work so that they can brush their teeth after lunch they usually brush their teeth after lunch and continue with their day with a healthy and clean smile. A typical Brazilian will often brush their teeth four times a day, and some restaurants even provide Listerine to their customers.
2- Too many showers a day The average Brazilian showers at least twice a day. Once before going to work and once before bed. During the humid summer days, Brazilians may take three or four showers a day. Skipping on showers is not acceptable in Brazilian culture. Not even during colder days. Not even if you stayed in bed all day long.
3- Meeting new people When meeting people for the first time, do not expect them to shake your hands. Instead, they will hug you and kiss you on the cheek. Brazilians are very affectionate and they usually touch other people a lot, even if you are not that close. Another Brazilian habit most foreigners find weird is that Brazilians call everyone by their first names. Yes, even their teachers, bosses, doctors, in-laws. 4- Too many Holidays There are 12 public holidays in total, which are observed nationwide, including Carnaval. Plus, each state and city may have its holidays as well,
January 1 New Year’s Day National Holiday February 24 Carnival National Holiday February 25 Carnival National Holiday April 10 Good Friday National Holiday April 21 Tiradentes Day National Holiday May 1 May Labor Day National Holiday June 11 Corpus Christi National Holiday September 7 Independence Day National Holiday October 12 Our Lady of Aparecida National Holiday / Children’s Day National Holiday November 2 All Souls’ Day National Holiday November 15 Republic Proclamation Day National Holiday December 25 Christmas Day National Holiday
5- The Yanomami Tribe in Venezuela and Brazil This tribe truly cares even for its deads. When a tribe member passes away, the Yanomami after burning their body make a soup out of their bones and ashes. The Yanomami believes that the soul needs to be protected after the body dies. They believe that the soul can only rest properly and make its transition only when the body has been burned and the body eaten by the living relatives.
6- Challenging ants. The strangest tradition of Brazil is that some tribes as Satere-Mawe which is located in the Amazon believe that a person to become a reliable man and a strong warrior in the tribe has to go through the challenge of ants, use the Bullet Ant as an initiation ritual. For a boy to become a warrior, he must use the bullet ant stings intentionally. The tribe carries out this initiation by weaving hundreds of Bullet Ants, stingers facing in, into a glove made out of leaves. The boy then places the glove over his hand and completes his ritual by enduring 10 full minutes. The initiation is only complete when the boy goes through a total of 20 rituals.
7- Samba Dance The most important tradition of Brazil. Brazil is the most practicing country for samba dance in the world so that the national team of the country called it the samba team so this famous dance has become an important tradition for the Brazilians but rather it is A national symbol for them, as it appeared more than a hundred years ago and is still practiced largely, especially in festivals and public events. Samba is distinguished by its fast rhythm and has witnessed many developments in performance. Samba was created by African people in Brazil from the music and dance culture they brought from Africa.
Food culture 1- Rice and beans every day Most people in Brazil eat rice and beans every day, for lunch & dinner. It is a cultural thing. Studies have shown that this traditional Brazilian meal is the perfect combination for a nutritional meal. Together, rice and beans are a powerful, healthy combo, full of protein, iron, and amino acids. Being the base of every meal in Brazilian homes, rice and beans are usually served with some kind of meat and a side dish, usually a vegetable. As for breakfast, the Brazilian people are used to a specific breakfast consisting of milk, bread, cheese, in addition to butter and jam. Each region in Brazil is also concerned with certain eating habits. 2- Avocado smoothie Even though many people consider the avocado to be a vegetable, it is not it is a fruit. In Brazil, it is very uncommon to see Brazilians eating avocado toast or adding avocados to their salad. Brazilians love to drink avocado smoothies made with milk and sugar. Avocado ice cream is also very popular.

Festivals & Carnivals
1- Rio de Janeiro Carnival The Rio Carnival is one of the most popular festivals of Brazil that is held in Rio de Janeiro every year , held the Friday afternoon before Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent, the 40 days before Easter . The carnival takes place for five days and is attended by millions of people worldwide. The Rio Carnival features many performances, people wearing colorful costumes, and dancers walking through the streets. You will also get to eat a variety of delicious food and drinks at the carnival. 2- Salvador Carnival Salvador Carnival takes place every year at the end of February and continues until early March . Each year a specific theme is designated for the Carnival and the city is decorated accordingly. Carnival is attended by thousands of people who dance, drink, sing and do other activities for about a week. 3- Festa de Lemanja Festa de Lemanja is celebrated in Salvador in February every year. This colorful festival takes place on the beach where Lemanja , The Goddess of Water is honored. During the festival, many small boats are filled with gifts, perfumes, flowers, and many other offerings put into the water. This is done to thank The Goddess for everything she has done for the people in the past and for all she will do for them in the future. The festival also takes place in other cities on different dates. 4- Festival da Cachaça Festival de Cachaça takes place in February dedicated to the national liquor; cachaça, made from sugarcane, this festival is celebrated with samba performances, forro, and reggae. Food trucks are stationed from where one can taste authentic local food and shops are installed selling typical Paraty handicrafts and souvenirs. This festival received the International Creative City Label for Gastronomy, granted by UNESCO in 2017 . 5- Semana Santa- The Holy Week Celebration Celebrated on the holy week, Semana Santa is Easter in Brazil, it is one of the most important Brazil festivals that also marks the beginning of the autumn season in the country. Semana Santa is celebrated across the country but the most vibrant and colorful celebration is experienced at Ouro Preto . With religious services all around, the week-long Semana Santa is rejoiced by visiting near and dear ones, exchanging greetings, good wishes nests with eggs, and chocolates. The streets are decorated with a carpet of brightly colored flowers, sand, and sawdust to create beautiful designs and themes. The children dress up in vibrant dresses and sing religious songs that enhance the festive vibe of the city. 6- Festa Junina (June’s Party) To celebrate the day of Santo Antônio, São João and São Pedro , Brazilians started a tradition, known as the Festa Junina , a party that occurs sometime between June, July, or even August. In its typical fashion, everyone dresses as cowboys and cowgirls, and dances in coordinated group choreography, know as Quadrilha . Sometimes the party hosts can put on a play about a wedding, where a couple would dress up as the bride and groom and lead the Quadrilha dancing. But the most important part of Festa Junina is not the dance or the clothes, but the food. Every Festa Junina includes the typically delicious Brazilian dishes such as those made with peanuts, corn, and of course the sangria (a wine boiled with fruits). It’s a good party to take your family to, and especially the kids.
7- Festival de Parintins Parintins is a folklore tradition that takes its roots in the state of Amazonas and is celebrated every June. The whole festivity is based around one old legend about two bulls – a red one (Garantido) and a blue one (Caprichoso) . Just like during a football match, every Brazilian would choose a color to represent during the festival. The cities also change for the festival and divide themselves into blue and red colors, cheering for the bulls while celebrating with friends and family. The Parintins festival is the biggest such festivity in Latin America and is one of the largest folklore celebrations in the whole world. Second, only in size to Salvador’s and Rio de Janeiro’s Carnival, the Parintins Folklore Festival in Amazonas – sometimes known as the Boi Bumba festiva l – is one of Brazil’s largest annual events. The festivities are built around the legend of a resurrected ox and, like the Carnival parades, teams battle it out to retell the story in the most impressive, flamboyant way. Taking place over three days in June, the festival’s performances blend Brazilian, indigenous, and local cultures.
8- Círio de Nazaré it’s one of the most popular and beloved festivals in Brazil. The Círio de Nazaré (The Taper of Our Lady Nazareth) is a typical Catholic festival that occurs every October in the Northeastern Brazil, in a city called Belém, the capital of the state Pará. This tradition has more than 210 years behind it, and it involves traditional food, dances, and processions carrying the image of Our Lady of Nazareth all around the city. The image stays in the main square for 15 days, so that people from the nearby towns could come to the Saint to ask Her for help or to make a prayer. Our Lady of Nazareth is considered to be the Patroness of the Amazon forest and is thought to be one of the greatest gifts to the Brazilian land. 9- The Brazilian Beer Festival The Brazilian Beer Festival is held in Blumenau, Brazil every year. The festival features beers of every taste, smell, and style. Thousands of people attend this popular festival and enjoy the variety of beers from all over Brazil. Not only beers, but the event also offers many performances, food, and other artistic attractions.

10- Lollapalooza, Sao Paulo Lollapalooza is the biggest music festival held in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The event takes place every year featuring various hip hop, alternative rock, punk rock, heavy metal, and many other bands and artists. Dances and comedy performances are also carried out at the festival. You can book the tickets in advance and enjoy this musical event with your loved ones. Sources • https://briclanguage.com/10-brazilian-customs-seem-unusual-expats/ • https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/brazil/articles/11-traditions-and-customs-only-brazilians-can-understand/ • https://blog.thomascook.in/8-weird-traditions-and-customs-around-the-world/ • https://guardian.ng/life/yanomami-tribe-bury-their-dead-by-eating-their-flesh/ • https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/brazil/2021 • https://www.iheartbrazil.com/brazilian-holidays/ Readers Also Read: Facts About B razil Famous Food you should try in B razil Traditions, Customs and Etiquette in B razil Festivals in Brazil Brazil Quick Brief الإحتفالات في البرازيل عادات و ثقافة البرازيل أشهر الأكلات في البرازيل معلومات شيقة عن البرازيل نبذة عن البرازيل

General Etiquette Standard greetings vary from region to region. The most common and appropriate greeting for anyone is a handshake. In Brazil, handshakes are usually firm, although some may prefer lighter handshakes. Brazilians usually take the time to greet each person individually, making direct eye contact. Do not refer to Brazilians as ‘Latin Americans’. Typically, ‘Latin America’ is thought to refer to those countries that have connections to Spain. Brazilians tend to interact in a warm-hearted manner. Engage in discussions on topics such as soccer (football) and the natural landscapes of Brazil. These are welcome topics of conversation. Avoid discussing or debating politics, poverty, or religion. Try not to be bothered by the lack of concern for punctuality. Arriving 15-30 minutes after the designated time is not considered late in Brazil. Be open to invitations to join in social activities such as a game of soccer. It is a great way to interact with others and to build stronger relationships. Show compassion for people’s problems and needs. It demonstrates a sense of consideration and warmth that is likely to be very appreciated by your Brazilian companion. When talking to a Brazilian companion, inquire into the well-being of their family, spouse, children, etc. Family life is considerably important to Brazilians. Light and inoffensive humor play a larger part in Brazilian conversation. So avoid being sarcastic or mocking during conversations. Brazilians are generally optimistic and light-hearted and wit or irony may be misunderstood. When it comes to queuing etiquette, the concept of ‘first come, first serve’ does not always apply. Cutting in line may be tolerated if the person who comes later believes they are more important than others in line or they know someone who can assist with jumping the line.
Family Family is very important to the Brazilian people and grown-up children often remain with parents until they marry. Extended family members tend to keep close ties with one another and elderly parents are looked after, often living with one of their children. Historically, family sizes were quite large but in recent decades people are having fewer children, particularly in the more urban areas. There is a difference between types of marriages in Brazil, namely civil and religious. However, religious marriages are on the decline, particularly in urban areas. Traditionally, Brazilians were expected to marry at a young age and make babies early in their life. This is changing in contemporary society, with an increasing number of people going to university and seeking financial security before marriage. These attitudes are more predominant in the urban middle class. Divorce was not legalized until 1977 due to opposition from the Catholic Church . Naming The name structure in Brazil is the first name then the middle name, or names followed by the mother’s last name, then the father’s last name. Females keep their name therefore and add their husband’s name last as a replacement to her mother’s family name. In recent years the tradition has evolved and it is not always considered necessary for the woman to include her husband’s name. Common given names are after older relatives (such as a great-grandparent) or after Catholic saints. Brazil has adopted Portuguese naming patterns, meaning that it is typical for people to trace their ancestry back through both their maternal and paternal lines. This is reflected in their name, as they usually have two surnames; the mother’s paternal and father’s paternal surname. It is common to find Portuguese family names ending in – ES (e.g. LOPES ), while many personal names usually end in – z (e.g. Luiz ). Brazilians often use ‘nicknames’ to address one another. However, nicknames are mostly used among family and friends.
Meeting & Greeting: Men shake hands when greeting one another while maintaining steady eye contact. Women generally kiss each other, starting with the left and alternating cheeks. It is common for friends to greet each other with a warm hug & backslapping. If a woman wishes to shake hands with a man, she should extend her hand first. Standard greetings vary from region to region. The most common and appropriate greeting for anyone is a handshake. In Brazil, handshakes are usually firm, although some may prefer lighter handshakes. In a group or social setting, the person arriving is expected to greet everyone first. One is also expected to offer farewell to everyone when they are leaving. When addressing an adult, it is common practice to call them “ senhor ” (Mister) or “ senhora ” (Miss), followed by their first name. As a general rule, use the formal address for people you are unfamiliar with as well as those who are older than you. Common verbal greetings include ‘ olá ’ (‘hello’), ‘ bom dia ’ (‘good day’), ‘ boa tarde ’ (‘good afternoon’), and ‘ boa noite ’ (‘good evening’ or ‘good night’). Visiting a home Since Brazilians are generally easygoing, the etiquette for visiting their home is quite casual and relaxed. It is considered to be impolite to arrive at the designated time. If invited to a Brazilian household, come no earlier than 15-30 minutes after the designated time. If you are offered a complimentary cup of ‘ cafezinho ’ (‘black coffee’), accept it unless you have a good reason to refuse. In Brazil, coffee is a symbol of hospitality and is widely consumed. Likewise, offer cafezinho to anyone who visits your home if it is possible. The purpose of dinner invitations or parties is primarily for socializing. In turn, people are not normally hasty to leave. Such invitations usually include time for conversing before, during, and after the meal. Typically, guests will not leave before dessert and a cafezinho have been served. Giving gifts If invited into a Brazilian home, bringing flowers or a small gift for the hostess is a good gesture of appreciation. A gift for the hostess’s children will also be greatly appreciated. Flowers can be sent before or after a visit to someone’s home. Orchids are considered a nice gift but avoid purple ones. Avoid giving gifts wrapped in purple or that are purple, such as purple orchids. The color purple is associated with mourning Gifts are opened when received. Small gifts such as a chocolate bar are often given as a symbolic gesture of appreciation towards someone who does a favor. Wrapping gifts in vibrant colors will be appreciated, particularly if it is in the national colors of yellow and green. Gifts that are sharp such as knives or scissors refer to an intention to ‘cut’ ties with someone. Thus, avoid giving gifts that may be interpreted as a cutting of connections. Avoid giving practical gifts such as wallets, keychains, or perfume. These are considered to be too personal. If a married man has to give a gift to a woman, he should mention that the gift is from their spouse to avoid the gesture being interpreted as flirtation.
Dining & Food: It is not unusual to be casual about timing so being late for dinner or a party is not frowned upon, however, avoid being more than half an hour late for dinner or more than an hour for a party. Eat with the knife in the right hand and fork in the left. After eating, place the knife and fork next to one another and do not cross them. In formal dinners remember that the eating utensils start from the outside in. The spoon and fork at the top of your plate are for the dessert. There will be separate glasses for drinking, red wine or white wine and beer. Do not place hands out of sight and keep wrists but not elbows on the table. Do not eat food with your hands – including fruit. Items such as fruit should be cut with a knife and fork. Food should always be passed to the left. The most honored guest sits at the head of the table and hosts to sit on either side. If invited to a restaurant it is normally the person who offers the invitation who pays although it is important to make an offer to pay. Brazilians often like to spend some time over a meal so expect to not rush off. Brazilians often tend to eat quietly. Burping and making noise with plates and cutlery is considered to be poor etiquette. Brazilians tend to finish all the food they put on their plate. Taking more food than one can eat and leaving unfinished food on one’s plate is considered impolite, suggesting that the person did not enjoy the food. It is common to have a second serving. When eating out in a restaurant, often people will lift their hand and motion for the waiter to come to them. Communication style: Brazilian people are open and friendly. Generally, public displays of affection such as holding hands and kissing are acceptable. They often use hand gestures in their way of communication. It is strange for women and children to link arms when walking and men may use both hands to shake hands to add warmth and sincerity to their greeting. Brazilians generally tend to avoid conflict. During a conversation, Brazilians tend to stand very close to one another. Some foreigners can find it a shock. Given the cheerfulness of their expression, the listening habits of Brazilians may seem changeable. There is a tendency to interrupt one another, as each person attempts to express their viewpoint. Other considerations Be careful if you use hand gestures towards a Brazilian. Some gestures have different and unexpectedly strong meanings. Brazilians are often involved in their physical expressions, particularly with gestures. The purpose of gestures is to help emphasize their point of view on a matter. There are hand gestures worth mentioning. The rubbing of hands together refers to the idea that something ‘doesn’t matter, or it is not a ‘big deal’. Additionally, the use of the ‘thumbs up’ gesture signals approval. Do not use the ‘OK’ hand gesture; it is considered to be offensive and rude.
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General Etiquette Do not call Afghans “Arabs” or “Middle Eastern”. Afghanistan is not located in the Middle East. It is a South Central Asian country composed of many different ethnicities , none of which are Arab. Avoid asking questions that assume Afghan people are uneducated or uncivilized, such as “Do you have phones in Afghanistan?”. Many Afghan migrants living in English-speaking countries are skilled, educated, urbanized, and familiar with the technologies of the developed world. Use your right hand or both hands together to gesture or offer anything. Should not touch people of the opposite gender unless they are very close family or friends. Leave the door open if talking one-to-one with an Afghan of the opposite gender. It is extremely inappropriate and disrespectful for men to enquire about an Afghan man’s female family members unless you know the family or person well. If you wish to smoke, it is polite to offer a cigarette to everyone in your company. Ask an Afghan’s permission before taking their photograph especially if they are a woman. It is rude to walk away from someone while they are still talking to you. It is very difficult to be punctual during one’s daily activities in Afghanistan as various incidents often occur (whether it be a pressing family matter, terrible traffic in cities, roadblocks, a power outage, or an insurgent-related threat). Be sure to offer everything multiple times in return. If you only offer something once, an Afghan person may respond, “No, it’s okay”, out of modesty and politeness even though they meant to accept the second offer. Be careful when you compliment an item in an Afghan’s house, as they may feel forced to offer it to you as a gift. If they try to give it to you, insist that you appreciate their gesture but do not want to take it. Avoid telling dirty jokes or making fun of someone in a humiliating way. Such humor is unlikely to be appreciated. Do not push an Afghan to tell you about their family. Some people have been separated from relatives or had family members killed. Others may be hesitant to talk about the family they have left in Afghanistan out of fear that it could endanger them.
Family The family is the most important unit in the Afghan culture. Women are generally responsible for household duties, whereas men typically take the role of the breadwinners. In the cities, professional women do exist. Families commonly arrange marriages for their children. Families traditionally live together in the same place, known as the Kala. When a son gets married he and his wife begin their married lives in a room in his family house. Naming Afghan names consist of a first name/personal name alone without a middle name or surname. It also often includes an Islamic or Arabic component, such as names drawn from the Qur’an, e.g. Ahmad, Mohammad , and Ali (males) or Khadija and Aaisha (females). If someone has a compounded first name, it is common for one name to be an Arabic word and the other to be a Persian word. A personal name may be a combined name, such as Ahmad Khan. In combined names, people generally use the less universally known name to refer to the person. For example, a man named Mohammad Nabi would likely be referred to as Nabi to differentiate him from his peers. It does not matter whether this is the first or second word of the name. Many Afghans give their children traditional names that have a religious, tribal, and/or historical affiliation. Afghan female first names usually only have one word/component, it also may be derived from male Arabic names by adding an ‘a’ to the end. For example, Jamil becomes Jamila or Najib becomes Najiba . It is also very common for women to be given Persian or Pashto names. It is also very common for women to be given Persian or Pashto names. If someone has a compounded first name, it is common for one name to be an Arabic word and the other to be a Persian word. The use of middle names and surnames (i.e. family names) is not customary in Afghanistan. However, many who have contact with the Western world may adopt a surname. This is more common among educated or wealthy families living in urban areas. In the instances when surnames are used, they are usually selected to represent one’s tribal affiliation, place of origin, or ethnicity . When surnames are used, children adopt the surname of their father. Afghan women do not traditionally adopt their husband’s surnames when they marry. Some may do so in English-speaking societies to fit with western naming standards, but it is not typical. It is also very common for women to be given Persian or Pashto names. Female names often refer to beauty and natural phenomena, e.g. Sitara (star).
Meeting & Greeting: The most common greeting is a handshake, you will also see people place their hands over their hearts and nod slightly. A common verbal greeting is “ Salam ” or “ Salam Alaikum”, meaning “Peace be upon you”. Greetings are usually increased as each person asks about the other. Afghans usually ask about how a person’s health, business, or family is going. Close friends and family may hug, backslap and kiss one another on the cheeks. Men may greet women by placing their hands over their hearts and nodding. This greeting may also be used to greet other people who you perceive are unaccustomed to being touched. Women and men will never shake hands, men may greet women by placing their hands over their hearts and nodding. Eye contact should be kept to a minimum during greetings out of modesty, especially between men and women. People may kiss a person’s forehead or right hand to show deep respect. However, it is not acceptable for a male to kiss a female in this manner if they are not related. Visiting a home Afghans take great pride in their hospitality. It is considered an honor to host guests. Therefore, one may find that an Afghan seeks to host you quite early on in your friendship. An invitation is not always needed to visit one’s house in Afghanistan. Neighbors and friends may pay each other visits without planning first. Remove your shoes at the door when visiting a home. Wait to be led through the house and shown where to sit. Men and women are separated in most social visits. Men socialize in one room, and women in another. You may be seated on the floor with rugs and cushions. Sit crossed-legged if you can or otherwise in a position that is comfortable for you. Avoid sitting with your legs outstretched or with the soles of your feet facing another person. It is customary to be offered tea and sweets as refreshments. It is very important to accept any refreshment (typically coffee/tea) as a mark of friendship. Non-acceptance would be perceived as highly offensive and could create misunderstanding even if you are simply not thirsty. Your cup of tea will be constantly filled until you indicate you’ve had enough by covering it with your hand and thanking them. As a guest, expect to be offered the best of everything (the best cut of meat, best silverware, etc.). Giving gifts In Afghanistan never give alcohol as a gift. It is also inappropriate to give pig/pork-based items, such as leather. The first time you go to someone’s house for tea, it is appropriate to bring a small gift. If you are invited to lunch or dinner, bring fruit, sweets or pastries. Make sure the box is wrapped nicely. When bringing a gift be humble in how it is given. try and place it near the door as you enter or on the table as you sit down so that the receiver sees it, but can open it in their own time. When it comes to wrapping gifts there is no special protocol. Green is good for weddings. If you are visiting an Afghani home as a single male, then it’s advisable to present any gift to the hostess as a gift from your wife, mother, or sister.
Dining & Food: Dining in Afghanistan is a different experience and there are many differences in etiquette. Wait to be shown where to sit. It is important to wash your hands before a meal is served. If eating at someone’s home, you will be seated on the floor, usually on cushions. Food is served on plastic or vinyl tablecloths spread on the floor. Food is generally served communally and everyone will share from the same dish. Do not eat with the left hand. Always pass and receive things using your right hand too. Food is eaten with the hands. Food is usually scooped up into a ball at the tip of the fingers, then eaten. Leave food on your plate otherwise, it will keep getting filled up again. Dining etiquette differs between Afghan homes, but cooking and food preparation is generally the women’s cultural responsibilities. Usually, the women will prepare the food in the kitchen while men socialize elsewhere. It may be inappropriate for a man to show that he knows the kitchen or cooking among peers. Men and women usually eat separately when dining at home. The female hosts generally bring food and refreshments to the men. Do not offer food to a fasting Afghan before sundown during the month of Ramadan. It is polite to avoid eating or drinking in front of them during fasting hours as well. Communication style: Afghans tend to speak both directly and indirectly depending on whom they are interacting with. When the p erson is older than them or of the opposite gender, communication tends to be quite indirect, and respectful. However, for people their own age or younger, the conversation can become more direct and open. Raising one’s voice at someone in public is very disrespectful and likely to make everyone around feel very uncomfortable. Blesses and curses are said daily in Afghanistan. Afghans lower their gaze and avoid maintained eye contact with members of the opposite gender. Younger people may also lower their gaze from elders. It is inappropriate to be physically affectionate with any person of the opposite gender outside the house or in the company of those one does not know well. Afghans usually give people of the opposite gender a respectful amount of personal space around an arm’s length. However, people often sit/stand very close to those who are of the same gender. Hooking the index fingers together signifies agreement. The thumbs-up gesture is considered rude and has the same connotation as raising one’s middle finger for traditional Afghans. The “OK” sign with the hand can symbolize the evil eye or something lewder. Stroking one’s beard or pounding a fist into one’s hand may signify revenge. Winking at a member of the opposite gender is considered extremely inappropriate. A man would likely be highly offended and angry if he saw his female relative being winked at. Consider that nodding may not necessarily indicate that an individual understands or agrees with what you are saying. An Afghan may nod out of politeness . Follow up crucial information with questions so they can show they know and understand what you said. Other considerations Afghani” refers to the currency of money in Afghanistan and should not be used to describe the Afghan people. Friday is a holy day for Muslims. In Afghanistan, most businesses close on this day and Thursday in respect of that. This means the ‘weekend’ falls on Thursday and Friday instead of Saturday and Sunday. Most Afghan women are not taught how to drive in Afghanistan and many do not have a valid driver’s license living in other countries. They may be reliant on male family members for transport. Afghans generally consider dogs to be unclean and will generally want to wash their hands after coming in contact with one. Some people may be quite afraid of dogs. Do not ask Afghans to sit in a place where your dog has just been resting. For example, it would be seen as rude for you to tell your dog to get off the couch and then offer someone to sit in its place. There is a strong belief in the evil eye in Afghanistan whereby one’s misfortune is caused by another’s envy, sometimes taking the form of a curse. Do not compliment something more than once or continue to praise it once you have acknowledged it. This may cause an Afghan to be wary that the evil eye will be jealous of it. People say “ Mashallah ” (May God bless) to ward off the evil eye after a compliment to show you don’t have bad intentions. Readers Also Read: Quick Brief About Afghanistan Facts About Afghanistan Famous Food you should try in Afghanistan Traditions, Customs and Etiquette in Afghanistan معلومات شيقة عن أفغانستان نبذة عن أفغانستان عادات و ثقافة أفغانستان أشهر الأكلات في أفغانستان